One of the problems in the field of biological restoration of the wetlands of deserts is the lack of diversity of species compatible with existing conditions and how establishment. Natural potential of moist margin of salt lake in Kashan during a research project entitled "Geochemistry and vegetation cover characteristics of Iranian wetland margins for their biological recovery (identification of habitat potential)" were identified and were zoned areas with different salinity and groundwater levels. Using the information of the above design, in order to enrich the species diversity and biological regeneration of the wet margin of salt lake, the establishment of 6 species of Suaeda fruticosa, Halostachys caspica, Atriplex halimus, Salsola imbricata, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Aeluropus littoralis, based on Complete randomized blocks were studied under species in 3 replicates. In this regard, after collecting the seeds of above mentioned species and determining the genus, they cultivate at the arid and desert areas research station of Kashan, and then cultivate according to the plan of the project implementation. The main trait was evaluated for survival percentage, but traits such as height and diameter of the canopy were also measured during the 5 years of the project. The results were analyzed in SPSS environment and it was determined that H.strobilaceum, S.fruticosa, H.caspica, S.imbricata were 5.67, 5.11, 5.56 and 4.9, each with the highest survival has been implementing the plan for the last 5 years. Considering the high nutritional value and favorable palatability for the camel, it is recommended to cultivate in the wet margin of the salt lake for prevent wind erosion and dust.

The desert areas of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These areas can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the areas with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat areas with morphometric and geological diversity.

Shortage of fresh water resources and salinization of aquifers are two major development challenges in arid and semi-arid regions. Population growth, industry development, agricultural development in order to provide the required food resources and climate change has increased the uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater resources, which in turn has led to a decrease in groundwater quality, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the main reasons for salinization of Kashan aquifer, one of the critical aquifers in Isfahan province, which is located near the salt lake. For this study, 53 wells located in Kashan aquifer were investigated. After selecting wells with suitableconditions, 74 water samples were collected from selected wells and chemically and ionically (EC, Na +, K +, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Cl-, HCO3-) were studied. According to the results, the direction of groundwater flow in this aquifer is from the west to the east of the aquifer, with the exception of the northeastern region of the aquifer where there is a return flow from the salt lake to the inside of the aquifer. The results of this study showed that salinity of Kashan plain aquifer in different regions has two main reasons: in the central and southern regions of the aquifer, the reason for salinity is the uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater from exploitation wells, conical rise of saline water and the occurrence of upconing phenomenon. In the northeastern regions of the aquifer, there is a return flow from the salt lake and the intrusion of salt water into the aquifer.

Microbial life is present not only in our familiar world but also in extreme environments. salt lakes with near or at saturating salinity are extreme environments that common all over the world. The study in detail of such environments would permit to determine not only the microbial diversity but also the gene pools and potential use of this information for biotechnological applications. Urmia salt lake in the northwestern of Iran is the second saltiest lake in the world and resembles the Great salt lake in the western USA.Water, soil, sediment and salt samples were taken from east and western sites in Urmia salt lake in July 2012. Direct plating, dilution plating and long incubation period were used to isolate organisms on MGM, MH, SWN medium. Isolates were taken from the samples by using the conventional culture-dependent methods. Of these, 36 isolates were selected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, based on their growth characteristics and colony morphology. Two hundred and twenty-eight of microorganisms were obtained from soil, salt, water and sediment samples collected from the east and western of the lake. Of these, 36 isolates were selected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.Results showed that 36 strains represented 8 species, belonging to 3 generaHalorubrum, Haloarcula, Haloterrigena. As total, bacterial isolates were belonged to Salicola, Pseudomonas. All strains showed 96.5 to 100 % similarity in 16S rDNA sequencing. Of these, 5 strains showed less than 98.7% sequence similarity to the closest known strains and were representatives as new taxa of Urmia lake.The phylogenetic analysis of sequences of Urmia lake indicated in overlaps with 16S rDNA sequences from other lakes with similar habitats.

Background: The aim of this research was to evaluate halophilic bacterial diversity in lake Razazeh as regards this is the first report on halophilic bacteria isolation in Iraq.Methods: Samples of saline soils, mud and water were collected from 15 locations of lake Razazeh with distance of 4 km from each other. Halophiles were isolated by saline nutrient broth enrichment. The growth was diluted 10 times and plated on complete medium agar with a salt gradient of 2.5 percent. Cultures were incubated at pH 7-7.5 and 37oC during 7 days given that all medium were controlled every day. Gram staining was carried out as a routine initial procedure in the identification of unknown bacterial species.Results: Two hundred and eighteen isolates were selected from isolation plates, which were named K1-K218. There were 161 gram-positive rod and cocci and 57 gram-negative rods. More than fifty strains were isolated using the morphological differences based on visible examination of the growth characteristics, and were used for further analysis. Also, 15 protozoa, 3 algae, 5 fungi and yeast were observed in the culture medium. It was found that the bacteria diversity in different media varied considerably so that only one type of bacteria grow in the 3 medium which likely showed these three bacteria are antibiotic-containing. About two third of the isolates were halotolerant and only eighteen isolates grew at NaCl concentrations greater than 17.5%.Conclusion: The data presented here show that despite drought, dehydration, increased concentrations of salts and contaminants, lake Razazeh near Karbala represents an untapped source of halophilic bacteria biodiversity.

Mighan lake with the surface area of 112 km 2 is located eight kilometers northeast of Arak city, the main phytoplankton population and food chain of which include Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco. The salinity of the lake ranges between 20-120 g/l depending on season and water input. The present study evaluated the effect of salinity and physicochemical factors on phytoplankton communities in the lake. To this end, sampling was performed monthly during March to December 2019. In addition, species and phytoplankton density were determined through inverted microscopy. Based on the results, 12 algal species were identified, among which D. salina was 87. 3% of phytoplankton composition. Indeed, salinity, as a major limiting factor, reduced phyto-plankton diversity in Mighan lake.

Production of ten hydrolytic enzymes was qualitatively studied on the haloarchaeal strains isolated from Aran-Bidgol hypersaline lake in the central desert area of Iran. A total of 293 haloarchea strains were selected among 300 extremely halophilic isolated prokaryotes. Accordingly, 142, 141, 128, 64, 38, 16, 7, 3 and 1 archaeal isolates were able to produce DNase, amylase, lipase, inulinase, pullulanase, protease, cellulase, chitinase and xylanase, respectively. None was able to produce pectinase activity. Combined hydrolytic activity was also detected in many strains. A total of 0.3 % of the strains showed 6 hydrolytic activities, 0.3 % of the strains had 5 hydrolytic activities, 5.4 % of the strains presented 4 hydrolytic activities, 25 % of the strains presented 3 hydrolytic activities, 28 % of the strains presented 2 hydrolytic activities and 18 % of the strains presented 1 hydrolytic activity. According to their phenotypic characteristics and comparative partial 16 S rRNA sequence analysis, the halophilic strains were all identified as members of family Halobacteriaceae within 12 different taxa from the following genera: Halorubrum, Haloarcula, Natrinema, Halovivax and Natronomonas. Most enzymes production rate was observed in the genera Halorubrum, Haloarcula and Natrinema whereas; there was not any detectable amount of enzyme production in the genera Halovivax and Natronomonas. The most hydrolytic isolate with 6 combinatorial enzyme production belonged to the genus Natrinema. This investigation showed that the extreme halophilic archaea from Aran-Bidgol lake are a potential source of hydrolytic enzyme under stress conditions and may have possess commercial value.

IntroductionMonitoring of salt lake arid areas of sustainable development and environmental protection is an important parameter. Monitoring of this phenomenon, for extraction and thematic maps at different times is necessary. Remote Sensing is Powerful tool of the earth’s different ecosystems, such as Playa environments to produce valuable and useful data. Such major causes of male widespread applications of remote sensing data are simple, fast and useful and valuable research done by the data in a variety of indoor environments. Despite the still images using geomorphological phenomena in a variety of fields Such Playa salt lakes in arid and semiarid areas are very limited. Limitations on the use of satellite data to map the areas affected by the salts depends on the spatial distribution of salts on the surface, the changes in salinity, vegetation as a barrier and spectral mixing with other levels of the ground.